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Simone Biles' Net Worth: Inside the $25 Million Fortune.

What Is Simone Biles' Net Worth?

Simone Biles is an American artistic gymnast with a net worth of $25 million. She's widely regarded as the most successful American gymnast ever, boasting over 30 medals from both the Olympics and World Championships. Many fans and experts consider her the greatest gymnast in history.

As of now, Simone has snagged seven Olympic golds, two silvers, and two bronzes. Plus, she's among the highest-paid Olympic athletes globally, thanks to numerous endorsement deals with some of the biggest brands out there. A lot of her standout moments happened during the 2016 Summer Olympics, where she was part of the US team called the "Final Five."

At those games, she took home gold medals in floor, vault, and all-around, along with a bronze on the balance beam and another gold as part of the team. Simone has also made history by winning the US championship a record eight times, starting with her first title in 2013 at just 16 years old and clinching her eighth in August 2023 at 26.

Simone had a tough time at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, which actually happened in 2021 due to COVID delays. She ended up with a bronze on the balance beam and a silver with her team. Unfortunately, she had to partially step back from the competition because of "the twisties," a situation where gymnasts lose their sense of balance in the air.

Before and after the postponement, Simone was the most promoted US athlete, raking in around $20 million from endorsements in the years leading up to the games, with contracts that will keep bringing in money for her in the future.

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Endorsements

Simone Biles has boosted her gymnastics earnings with various brand partnerships over the years. Before the 2016 Olympics, she made waves by featuring in a Tide commercial with several other gymnasts.

In 2015, she locked in a long-term deal with Nike and teamed up with GK Elite Sportswear to create a line of Simone Biles leotards.

In August 2016, Simone and her "Final Five" teammates graced the cover of a special Wheaties box edition.

After her stellar performance at the 2016 Olympics, Simone landed some pretty sweet endorsement deals with brands like:

- United Airlines

- The Hershey Company

- Procter & Gamble

- Mattress Firm

- Spieth America

- Beats by Dre

- Athleta

- Visa

- Oreo

- Uber Eats

- MasterClass

- Facebook Watch

As the 2020 Olympics approached, Simone was the top-earning Olympic athlete in endorsements. Between 2019 and 2021, she raked in at least $20 million from these deals.

In April 2021, just a few months ahead of the 2020 Olympics, Simone made headlines by announcing her split from Nike to join Athleta. As part of the agreement, Athleta promised to set up a national exhibition for Simone after the Olympics, which would compete with a similar event usually put on by USA Gymnastics. Additionally, Simone and Athleta are teaming up to create a new line of activewear.

Simone reportedly decided to leave Nike because she felt their values didn’t align with hers anymore. She was particularly worried about Nike's history of scandals, employee issues, and various controversies that have surrounded the brand in recent years.

RELATED: Rupert Murdoch's Net Worth and Billion-Dollar Empire.

Early Life

Simone Arianne Biles was born on March 14, 1997, in Columbus, Ohio. Growing up, she and her three siblings often found themselves in foster care. In 2000, her grandmother stepped in to help raise her, and they settled in the suburbs of Houston, Texas. Coming from a Catholic family, Simone also has strong ties to Belize through her mother, who is Belizean, and she still holds citizenship there.

From a young age, it was obvious that Simone was meant to be a professional gymnast. She was taken out of traditional school and homeschooled for the rest of her secondary education, which gave her the chance to train significantly more. By the time she was ready for university, Simone was already competing at the Olympic level.

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Career

Simone Biles kicked off her gymnastics journey at a super young age, starting training with coaches like Aimee Boorman by the time she was just 8. At 14, she made her mark at the American Classic in Houston, snagging third place. Fast forward to 2012, and she took first at the American Classic in Huntsville, earning a spot on the US Junior National Team. The following year, she debuted internationally at the American Cup, then went on to compete at the City of Jesolo Trophy, where she helped the US team snag a gold medal.

After a rough outing at the 2013 US Classic, Márta Károlyi invited Simone to a private training camp, and she also started seeing a sports psychologist. This led to better performances, and she was soon picked for the World Championships team. Another standout showing at the 2013 Artistic Gymnastics Championships saw her clinch first place again. By this time, the 16-year-old was already shining bright, outshining many seasoned international gymnasts.

2014 started off a bit rocky due to a shoulder injury, but Biles made a strong comeback at the US Classic in Chicago, winning by a huge margin. She competed again at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, helping the US team secure another gold medal. In 2015, she took first at the AT&T American Cup in Arlington, Texas, which led to her nomination for the James E. Sullivan Award. More wins followed at the City of Jesolo Trophy, the U.S. Classic, and the US National Championships.

Alongside other top American gymnasts, Biles represented the US at the 2014 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Glasgow, Scotland, winning for the third time in a row. By then, she had racked up a total of 14 World Championships medals. Her impressive streak continued into 2016, leading to her selection for the Summer Olympics in Brazil that year.

Simone played a key role in helping the US team snag first place at the 2016 Olympics, and she also stood out as the top gymnast in four out of five individual finals. She kicked off her Olympic journey by winning her first gold medal in the team event, then added another gold in the individual all-around competition. Plus, she took home a bronze in the balance beam final and yet another gold in the women's floor exercise final, bringing her total to four Olympic golds. After a short break from competing, she jumped back into gymnastics with upgraded routines starting in 2018.

In 2022, Simone Biles received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Joe Biden.

Simone Biles made an awe-inspiring return at the 2024 Olympics, reaffirming her status as one of the greatest gymnasts of all time. After a triumphant comeback in 2023, she dazzled audiences in Paris with breathtaking routines showcasing her unmatched athleticism and artistry. Biles secured multiple medals, including golds in individual and team events, solidifying her legacy. Her mastery of the Yurchenko double pike and other signature moves left fans and judges in awe. Beyond her medals, Biles inspired millions by advocating for mental health, resilience, and excellence, proving she’s not just an athlete but a role model for generations.

Relationships

In 2017, Biles started dating Stacey Ervin Jr., a fellow gymnast. They were together for three years before breaking up in 2020. Later that same year, Simone revealed she was seeing professional football player Jonathan Owens. They got engaged on February 15, 2022, and tied the knot on April 22, 2023.

RELATED: Drake Net Worth 2024: $250 Million Career Earnings & Success.

Larry Nassar

In 2018, Simone, along with several other Olympians, stepped forward to accuse USA gymnastics doctor Larry Nassar of sexual assault. She, like many of her teammates, believed that USA Gymnastics was complicit in letting the abuse go on for years and even tried to hide it. Simone chose to skip Nassar's trial that same year because she felt she wasn't emotionally prepared to confront her abuser.

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Real Estate

In 2020, Biles took to social media to share that she had bought a new house, giving her followers a glimpse with a few photos. While not much info was shared about her new digs, it was evident that the place was both spacious and luxurious, featuring tile floors and other nice touches. Even though she's known for being careful with her money, it looks like Simone decided to treat herself a bit with this real estate purchase – a smart move, really. Records indicate the house was bought for under $750,000.

Fast forward to 2023, and Simone revealed that she and her husband, Jonathan Owens, were starting construction on a brand-new home.

Going back to 2017, Biles mentioned she was putting her childhood home in Houston, Texas, up for sale. The 3,711-square-foot property was listed for $289,000, and according to the HAR listing, it eventually sold for somewhere between $250,001 and $285,000.

Simone Biles has cemented her place as one of the greatest gymnasts of all time, not only through her unmatched athletic achievements but also by her advocacy for mental health and resilience. With multiple Olympic golds, World Championship titles, and a strong presence as a role model, Biles continues to inspire millions around the world.

Her ability to overcome challenges, both on and off the mat, makes her a true icon. As she looks toward the future, Biles' legacy will remain a shining example of dedication, excellence, and the power of perseverance in the face of adversity.

Joe Biden's Shocking Net Worth and Earnings Revealed in 2024!.

What is Joe Biden's Net Worth and Salary?

Joe Biden is a U.S. politician with a net worth of around $9 million. He was a Senator for Delaware from 1973 until 2009. After that, he took on the role of the 47th Vice President under Barack Obama from 2009 to 2017. In 2020, he was the Democratic candidate for the presidential election, going up against Donald Trump. He won decisively in November 2020, both in the Electoral College and the popular vote, making him the 46th President of the United States.

In April 2023, Biden shared that he plans to run for a second term in the 2024 election.

Presidential Salary

Joe Biden, as the President of the United States, has a base salary of $400,000 according to Title 3 of the US code. On top of that, he gets a $50,000 yearly expense account, a $100,000 travel account that isn’t taxed, and a $19,000 entertainment allowance each year. Before they settled into the White House, the Bidens received $100,000 for redecorating.

The History of Joe Biden's Finances

For a long time before he became Vice President, he often called himself one of the "poorest" members of Congress or "middle-class Joe," claiming a net worth of under $500,000. Financial records dating back to 1998 reveal that Joe and his wife Jill had an average yearly income of around $215,000 until 2009, when they saw a $55,000 increase from pensions and Social Security. By the time they wrapped up their roles as VP and Second Lady, their annual income had climbed to about $390,000.

When Joe's term as Vice President wrapped up, his final financial disclosure listed his net worth at $1.5 million.

After leaving the White House, he made a good amount of money, primarily from speaking engagements and book royalties, hitting a high of $11 million in 2017. From 2016 to 2019, Joe and Jill brought in just under $17 million.

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Key Facts

He was one of the poorest senators.

When he exited the White House in 2016, his net worth was reported at $1.5 million.

In 2017, he made $11 million, mostly from book deals.

That same year, he earned $4.6 million.

Jill Biden brings in $100,000 annually as a college professor.

Joe makes between $100,000 and $200,000 for each paid speech.

LATEST: Joe Biden Grants 'Full and Unconditional' Pardon to Son Hunter.

Early Life

Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. was born on November 20, 1942, in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Growing up in a Catholic household with three siblings, Joe's family faced tough times during his childhood. In the 1950s, his dad struggled to find work due to the economic downturn in Scranton, which eventually led the family to relocate to Delaware, where his father took a job as a used car salesman.

In high school, Joe got involved in sports by joining the football team and was elected as class president. He continued his athletic pursuits at the University of Delaware, where he played college football while majoring in history and political science. He graduated in 1965 with a bachelor's degree.

After that, Joe attended Syracuse University College of Law, earning his law degree in 1968. During his time there, he faced allegations of plagiarism. As a student, he managed to defer his draft during the Vietnam War era, but when he graduated and became eligible again, he received a medical deferment for asthma, even though he had been an athlete throughout his life.

Political Career

After finishing college, Biden kicked off his career as a law clerk, then moved on to work as a public defender before launching his own law firm. His political journey began in 1969 when he ran for a spot on the New Castle County Council, winning the election and quickly eyeing a seat in the US Senate.

In 1972, he pulled off an upset by winning the US Senate election in Delaware, making him one of the youngest senators ever at just thirty years old. After spending a significant amount of time in the Senate, Joe aimed for the big leagues: the Presidency.

He made his first bid for the Democratic nomination in 1987 but faced setbacks when he was accused of plagiarizing a speech, which ultimately led him to drop out of the race.

Fast forward to 2008, Biden sought the Democratic nomination again. His campaign had its highlights, but he stumbled with some comments about Barack Obama and Indian people, which were major missteps.

Fundraising was also a challenge, and he never really posed a serious threat to Hillary Clinton or Obama. However, in a twist of fate, Barack Obama chose him as his vice president. Biden stepped down from the Senate in 2008 to join Obama's administration, and in 2020, he became the Democratic nominee for president.

Income From Speeches

After leaving his role as Vice President, Joe and Jill have earned at least $15 million from speaking engagements and book deals. Biden has become an in-demand public speaker, often earning hundreds of thousands of dollars for a single speech.

For example, he earned $190,000 in 2018 for one speech at Drew University in New Jersey. In total, he gave 40 speeches from 2017 to 2018, receiving 5-figure or 6-figure paydays each time.

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Income From Book Deals

After Biden wrapped up his time as Vice President, he and his wife landed a sweet $10 million deal for three books. He kicked things off with "Promise Me, Dad," which reflects on his son's passing, and then hit the road for a promotional tour.

He made more than 40 stops along the way. Regular tickets went for $25, but if you wanted a VIP experience that included a photo with Biden, it set you back $450.

RELATED: Hunter Biden's Net Worth and Controversial Financial Journey.

Salary

Joe's tax returns show that his income has varied quite a bit over the years. He’s shared his tax documents, with the oldest ones going back to 1998, when he made $215,432. After that, his earnings hovered around $200,000 until 2009, when they jumped by $55,000 each year thanks to social security and pension income.

Fast forward to 2016, just before Joe Biden wrapped up his time as vice president, he was pulling in about $400,000 annually. Then in 2017, his income skyrocketed to a whopping $11 million. However, in 2018, there was a bit of a dip, and he ended up earning $4.6 million.

Jill Biden Salary

Jill Biden earns $100,000 per year as a teacher at Northern Virginia Community College.

Tax Returns

2016: $400,000

2017: $11 million

2018: $4.6 million

2019: $944,737

2020: $607,336

2021: $610,702

2022: $579,514

2023: $619,976

In a detailed tax report released in April 2024, Joe and Jill reported an adjusted gross income of $619,976 for 2023. They forked over $146,629 in federal income tax, which works out to an effective tax rate of 23.7%. On top of that, they paid $30,908 in Delaware income tax, and Jill contributed $3,549 in Virginia income tax.

A big chunk of their earnings came from Joe's $400,000 salary as President, while Jill brought in another $85,985 from her teaching position at a community college in Northern Virginia. The rest, about $134,000, was from social security benefits. They also made a generous $20,000 in charitable donations to 17 different organizations, including a $5,000 gift to the Beau Biden Foundation.

Debt

Biden's financial disclosure forms show that he's had a tough time with debt over the years. His main asset during that time was his house in Delaware, and he's taken out several loans against it. Between 1983 and 2015, he borrowed against the cash value of his life insurance policies, which max out at around $50,000.

The forms released in 2015 also indicated that he got a mortgage on his home in 2013, with debts ranging from $500,000 to $1 million on the property.

Rental Income

Joe and Jill made around $2,200 a month by renting out their guest house to Secret Service agents while Biden was serving as vice president. Over that time, they raked in about $170,000 from the rental.

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Real Estate

Joe Biden lives in a house located in the Greenville neighborhood of Wilmington, Delaware. It has a nice view of a lake that was created by the wealthy du Pont family. Joe and Jill purchased their home back in 1997 for $350,000, but similar houses in the area are now going for over $2 million.

In 2017, they also bought a six-bedroom vacation spot in Rehoboth Beach for $2.74 million. From 2018 to 2019, they rented a fancy $4 million mansion in McLean, Virginia, shelling out $20,000 each month.

Marriages and Children

In 1966, Joe Biden tied the knot with Neilia Hunter. They welcomed three kids into the world, including Hunter and Beau. Sadly, in December 1972, Neilia and their little girl Naomi, who was just one, lost their lives in a car accident.

Fast forward to 1975, Joe was introduced to Jill Jacobs on a blind date. They got married in June 1977 and had a daughter named Ashley. Overall, Biden is a proud grandparent to seven grandchildren.

Unfortunately, Joe's son Beau passed away from cancer in May 2015.

Joe Biden’s life and career exemplify dedication, resilience, and service to the American people. From his humble beginnings in Scranton, Pennsylvania, to his rise as the 46th President of the United States, Biden has continually worked to represent the middle class. His leadership as Vice President under Barack Obama, followed by his historic presidential win in 2020, reflects his deep commitment to public service.

Beyond politics, Biden’s personal journey, including overcoming family tragedy and advocating for justice, showcases his strength and empathy. With a focus on unity, economic recovery, and global leadership, Biden’s legacy continues to grow.

Italy is an excellent destination because it has a broad market and multiple immigration options. In fact, you can obtain Italian dual citizenship by qualifying through the descent, marriage, or naturalisation routes. If you want to explore your options, get in touch with these Italian Citizenship experts for helpful guidance. Let us explain how Italian dual citizenship sets you up to fulfil your global business goals.

Learn about your alternatives

Start by learning about your citizenship alternatives so that you can pick the ideal one. The descent route works for people with ancestral connections in Italy, while the marriage alternative applies to people married to an Italian citizen. The citizenship by naturalisation process is apt for applicants residing in the country for more than a decade. Besides knowing the basics, you must dig deeper into the exceptions, requirements, and processes for each of these routes. 

Seek expert assistance

Although the Italian citizenship alternatives sound straightforward, they can actually get confusing. The steps can be long and daunting, and the paperwork may be tricky for most applicants. An error or omission can land you in trouble with delay or rejection. You may have a tough time choosing the route if you qualify for more than one of them. Seeking expert assistance lets you be stress-free as they handle the process, and you can focus on your business goals.

Unlock the citizenship benefits

Italian citizenship opens up several benefits, regardless of the route you choose to obtain it. You can live, work, and establish a business in Italy just like any other citizen. You also get the best healthcare facilities and quality education on a budget. Once you have a second passport, you can travel to hundreds of countries without stress and hassles. Setting up your business is a breeze, as you can expand globally with the travel opportunities that let you explore overseas markets. 

Create a legacy

Besides establishing your business in Italy, you can create a legacy for generations to come. Your dual citizenship rights pass on to your children and the next generations automatically. So they can carry your business and make it a successful multi-generational enterprise. An Italian passport is the best inheritance you can bequeath to your offspring and the next in line because it is among the most powerful ones.

Fulfilling global business goals takes more than passion and commitment. You need to take a strategic approach by choosing the right destination. Italian dual citizenship sets you up for success, provided you qualify for one of the routes. Consider their eligibility requirements and choose the best one. Even better, collaborate with an expert to show the way ahead.

Ian Perry, Principal Solutions Architect at Zscaler, shares his thoughts on financial services modernisation with Finance Monthly.

This past year has seen the financial services industry speed up the implementation of many digital processes. Not only did the global pandemic force banks to shut, employees to work from home and consumers to use digital payments services both online and in-person, it has also raised questions around the brick-and-mortar heavy model of banking, with many pointing to a fully digital financial future.

Maximising digital investments

Despite the technical capabilities available to assist in such a move, no analysis of how the financial industry is attempting to modernise would be complete without a reference to the sector’s legacy infrastructures holding them back.

This isn’t because of a lack of desire to modernise. In fact, most financial firms are quite well advanced in their cloud journey. The financial services industry as a whole has already invested heavily in digital transformation and is well aware of the benefits of moving workloads to the cloud in the backend. However, many financial services CTOs have not necessarily been able to move the corresponding infrastructure and users along the same path. This means that unfortunately, many financial services firms have been unable to fully realise their investments in new applications and cloud platforms to the frustration of many financial services CTOs and CFOs alike.

Many financial services are unfortunately falling into the trap of developing hybrid infrastructures that are flexible enough to adapt to some new digital services and requirements yet are still based within old foundations. We often see core banking applications stay in mainframe on-premise networks, whilst more general apps and functions, such as office and admin related tools, are moved to the cloud. For example, there has been a huge uptake in banks migrating to the cloud-based Office 365, which promises the agility required to adapt to our new digital ways of working. However, all the benefits and functions of new digital tools like Office 365 are often at odds with legacy network set-ups, and this inability to harmonise new tools with old systems is holding banks back.

The financial services industry as a whole has already invested heavily in digital transformation and is well aware of the benefits of moving workloads to the cloud in the backend.

The pandemic has only led to further existential frustrations around the banking model itself. For example, is there really a need for massive HQ locations? Is there still a demand for individual branches, which require complex architectures to secure all traffic? There are many predictions as to what the branch of the future might look like, but ultimately, the industry must face the facts that there will be less reliance on branches and more pressure on digital services.

Staying ahead of the curve

As other industries continue to innovate at a quick pace by maximising their cloud deployments, consumers and employees alike will increasingly expect seamless experiences across all their touchpoints with a financial services organisation as well. Taking a page out of the digital transformation of other consumer services, the finance industry must assess the journey of banking from a user’s point of view, rather than driven by processes and necessity. “Digital transformation” for banks is no longer providing the capability of a digitally scanned cheque – the ecosystem is far more reactive and more user-focused as the market opens with more options available, many of which are geared to disrupting legacy organisations and processes.

As such, agility is more important than ever if the financial sector hopes to adapt to new business models, while managing and deploying products remotely worldwide in a consistent manner. For financial teams spread across the world especially, agility in the market is more important than ever to manage and deploy products worldwide in a consistent manner. Many banks own different brands to drive differentiation in regional markets, and this behaviour needs to be reflected in their operating model. Not only do regional compliance needs apply, but markets have very different demands based on their local consumer needs.

Adopting enablers

These growing pressures don’t necessarily mean that financial firms have to undergo complex and expensive overhauls of their existing legacy infrastructure to fully realise the promise of the cloud. A future-proof infrastructure that can support flexible requirements during the pandemic and beyond, while delivering a great user experience, increasing productivity, and supporting business continuity is possible to implement. Indeed, true network transformation drives beneficial outcomes from a risk and cost reduction perspective without requiring heavy technical lifting.

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For example, the growing popularity in the financial sector of the “Zero Trust” approach has been touted by many as a solid solution for financial services in particular. Many banks still rely on the legacy “perimeter” approach to securing their data – which focuses on stopping intrusions. However, the Zero Trust approach instead enables banks to “trust no one” as default, and requires further security before allowing access to secure assets.

This is every banking CTO’s dream as a Zero Trust model allows for traffic to run securely through the internet instead of having to run through corporate IT, which enables banks to have maintenance-free branches. Individual branches are not only more flexible and significantly easier to maintain – but costs are dramatically reduced. Furthermore, a Zero Trust model allows banks to fully realise the benefits of cloud-based tools like Office 365 as they can be deployed safely through the internet, rather than relying on legacy corporate IT systems. From this transition alone, it’s possible to see how financial services infrastructures can enable convenience and simplicity. A complicated refurbishment is no longer required to implement digital delivery of all the key requirements that customers expect from banking services, but with the same – if not more advanced - secure and frictionless experiences offered by other industries.

Looking ahead, it’s clear that financial services need to urgently assess their capabilities for keeping up customer demands and ability to innovate quickly, if they want to survive in our rapidly changing world. Only by truly realising the benefits that were promised by the cloud infrastructure financial services were so quick to adopt, can the industry shake off the curse of legacy infrastructure for good.

Matthew Glickman, VP of Customer Product Strategy, Financial Services at Snowflake, examines the benefits that the data cloud can bring to financial services.

In the wake of COVID-19, financial services have had to adapt almost overnight to the economic challenges presented by the pandemic. With cities across the world going into lockdown, consumers expect banking to deliver digital-first experiences that match their usual expectations. Digital innovation is very much at the heart of this transition. To navigate and thrive in the current climate, capitalising on the data cloud will enable fintechs to respond nimbly to customer demands and remain competitive.

According to an Accenture survey, over half of respondents in the retail banking industry believe cloud technologies have the biggest impact on improving operational efficiency, and 40% believe that it can also generate business value for the industry. The data cloud can provide the foundation on which companies can build a technology stack that delivers business agility and growth. Here are three ways financial services companies can benefit from harnessing the data cloud.

Personalising Customer Experiences

The cloud offers companies the opportunity to house all their various types of data in one secure place, enabling them to personalise services for customers. By using the data cloud,  companies have a consolidated governed location for all types of data (for example, clickstream, transactional, and third-party) that can ingest data from new sources such as IoT devices. This enables organisations to gain a 360-degree view of customer behaviours and preferences from multiple inputs.

The cloud offers companies the opportunity to house all their various types of data in one secure place, enabling them to personalise services for customers.

A full customer view is fundamental for a successful personalisation strategy as it enables organisations to pinpoint high-value customers and ensure they have a good experience at every touchpoint. Without real-time visibility into customer interactions, providing the best possible customer experience just isn’t possible.

Over time, digital banking platforms will evolve to incorporate ML predictive models to drive even more personalised banking behaviours. This will only be achievable for organisations who successfully tap into the data cloud, as the success of ML models will require support from ever increasing volumes and access to datasets, both within and external to an organisation. The more an organisation can tap into customer personalisation, the better equipped they will be at customer retention and remaining competitive.

Boosting Data Visibility

To ensure fintechs can continue providing the best possible customer experiences, and adapt to any demands posed by the pandemic, having an acute awareness of all data available will be key for these insights. Adopting a cloud data platform that offers the direct and secure sharing of data without the complexity, cost, and risk associated with legacy data warehouses is one such solution. With simpler, enhanced data sharing, companies can quickly and easily add new data products, and get near real-time insights across the business ecosystem on how this is operating. Offering a standalone data product to data consumers can lead to substantial revenue. For example, financial companies that collect tick-by-tick stock market data can use a cloud data platform to create a data project that they can sell to hedge funds.

A cloud data platform can also reduce the manual effort and copying that is necessary with traditional data sharing tools. Instead of physically transferring data to external consumers, companies can provide read-only access to a segment of their information to any number of data consumers via SQL. By breaking through barriers between disparate data systems, companies will find new sources of revenue and opportunity.

Cross-Collaboration

The rise of digital-first banks, the increased availability of online services and the ongoing surge in mobile banking all represent the modern evolution of how customers now interact with their finances. To meet the demands of today’s customer, financial organisations will see big benefits in collaborating with other finservs through real-time access to data. For instance, if a customer is using a third party fintech to track their finances, a financial institution must share data with that fintech organisation so their customers can access their accounts.

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Last year, 65% of banks and 76% of credit unions said partnerships with fintech companies will be an important part of their business strategies in 2020. These numbers represent an increase from 49% and 60%, respectively, in 2019, showing a clear trend towards a more open banking landscape. Financial institutions that do not take steps to improve the accessibility of its data risk frustrating their customers or losing them to a more agile and collaborative financial institution.

Data collaboration can also help improve instances where investment banks may otherwise have been forced to hold excess capital. This is because aligning on risk exposures and liquidity is executed through nightly correspondances instead of what could be real-time data sharing through the cloud.

With fully governed, secure data sharing, companies can also easily determine who sees what and ensure all business units and business partners access a single and secure copy of their data. Not only does this enhance efficiency, but centralising data into a single source of truth, rather than in separate locations, will boost data security.

Data is the lifeblood of the financial services industry. By migrating to and capitalising on the data cloud, companies can build a future-proofed technology stack that delivers business agility, enhanced customer experiences and data sharing capabilities that ensure business continuity during this volatile economic period. Prioritising these digital-first experiences for customers will ensure financial organisations have the competitive edge that these times demand.

Simon Shaw, Head of Financial Services and Insurance at Software AG, outlines three ways in which larger banks can – and must – make their business models more agile.

In the months since COVID-19 reared its ugly head and changed the way we live, there has been a noticeable uptick in conversations around digital transformation and embedding resilience. In the banking sector, the focus had been on the increased demand for online banking and questions around how banking monoliths will adapt.

The reality is that big banks can adapt – albeit slower than other industries. That’s not to say that change isn’t happening; banks have been transforming for years to align with changing customer needs. However, it’s a distinctly difficult and complex challenge. In fact, one of the primary challenges with digitalisation in banking is that moving quickly doesn’t happen easily. Of course, CFOs and financial leaders would love to quickly pivot their operations to meet changing needs and new requirements, but in their current state, most incumbent banks don’t yet have that capacity.

To achieve digitalisation, banks are grappling with many moving parts. From regulatory requirements, to safeguarding customer data, to overcoming silos – and that’s before we consider the sheer cost of it all. I have identified three ways for established banks to pivot more quickly and efficiently in today’s climate.

1. Go Hybrid or Go Home

A significant challenge in the digitalisation of big banks is that their ecosystems simply weren’t designed to enable quick transformation. Changes that may seem simple, or are simple in other sectors, can require full programme rewrites when applied in banking. The legacy systems on which most large banks are built are clunky and inflexible. Since these systems don’t run in real-time, they’ll never compete with the efficiency and analytic capabilities of challenger banks. Yet, despite that, these established systems actually hold the key to future success in banking – data.

The wealth of data contained within a heritage system has the potential to entirely transform the customer experience. However, to do so, banks must be able to access and integrate that data at speed.

A significant challenge in the digitalisation of big banks is that their ecosystems simply weren’t designed to enable quick transformation.

Hybrid cloud presents the best of both worlds; it combines the operational stability of on-premise solutions with the scalability, reduced cost and data accessibility of the cloud. Breaking up isn’t easy but, according to IBM, banks that are outperforming their competitors are 88% more likely to have incorporated hybrid cloud into their business model. For banks with decades of data in monolithic technology stacks, turning certain data and tasks over to the cloud can significantly lighten the load on their ecosystem to improve efficiencies.

2. Visualising Opportunities for Change

Digital transformation has changed banking expectations. Customers want speed and convenience and banks are competing to deliver. Excellence requires efficiency, but that can be difficult to achieve.

Process mining identifies optimisation opportunities and strives for excellence in process performance. As the name suggests, process mining delves into the detail of what occurs as a process is actioned, revealing patterns, anomalies and the root causes for inefficiencies. With greater insight into processes, banks are able to make informed decisions and tangible improvements to quality and performance. To compete with the challengers, established banks need to embed the ability to adapt to changing business requirements and make transformation routine. The first step to this is visualisation.

If hybrid cloud is the vehicle by which digitalisation is achieved, process mining is the check engine light.

3. The Building Blocks of Better Banking 

One of the biggest challenges to transformation lies in evolving away from heritage applications. Transitioning from old to new is daunting and can come with a hefty price tag. Microservices enable banks to transform piece by piece and scale at a controlled rate.

Transformation in data-reliant and regulation-heavy sectors will never be a walk in a park, however, microservices start small by design. This returns much needed control to banks and ensures complex changes are developed and tested independently before being integrated into the banking ecosystem.

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To fundamentally change business operations, the very foundations of that organisation need to be redesigned. This applies across industry, which is why, between 2018 and 2023, the microservices market is predicted to nearly triple as more organisations shift their transformation up a gear.

Microservices embed agility and efficiency from the outset, making digitalisation a cultural and technological change. By returning control and enabling a customer-centric and scalable design, transformation can add big value to big banks.

Agility is essential, but moving a monolith isn’t easy

In banking, where archaic systems and rigidity have been governing organisational change for years, digital transformation really means reinvention and growth. While the end-goal is easily defined – agility, resilience, scalability, digitalisation, etc. – it’s difficult to know what’s needed to achieve it. When the dependencies, regulatory requirements and price of change are thrown into the mix, it’s no wonder that change takes time in the financial sector.

Hybrid cloud, process mining and microservices create the foundations for development by embedding transformation capabilities into the very core of a banks system. While financial institutes will always be subject to a high level of scrutiny, strategic solutions that bring order, visibility and an ability to compete with smaller and more agile banks are truly transformative.

 Carl Slabicki, Head of Strategic Payment Solutions, BNY Mellon Treasury Services, explores the changing climate of US payments.

For a long time, banks in the US have competed primarily on price and service rather than as providers of payments solutions. But the payments and cash management space is now changing. New developments to existing payment rails, combined with the advent of new real-time solutions and overlay services are emerging, and organisations that are able to quickly adapt to the evolving payments landscape will be well placed to gain a significant market advantage.

As we enter this period of unprecedented disruption in the marketplace, the importance of expediting the journey from paper to digital transactions for payers and receivers is becoming increasingly clear; payments are faster, more streamlined and feature enhanced capabilities around validation, security and risk mitigation.

Certainly, in the current challenging environment, the continued investment in and implementation of digital solutions continues to highlight the timeliness of this initiative. Remote working has put a spotlight on the channels we choose to make payments, with the payments industry leaning more and more on a digital environment to stay connected and continue conducting efficient and timely business. So what changes are occurring, and how can organisations and their clients reap the rewards?

The payment system evolution

For over 45 years, the ACH network had been the core next-day batch settlements system in the US. But during its long tenure, the underlying ACH system – which is governed by the National Automated Clearing House Association (Nacha) – has continued to modernise and grow, with the latest figures showing an increase in transaction volumes of 8.1% year-on-year in Q4 2019. This growth has been driven by the increasing payment convenience brought about, in part, by the introduction of Same Day ACH (SDA), which from March 2020 has increased its transaction limit from US$25,000 to US$100,000 to help open up additional use cases for the market.

As we enter this period of unprecedented disruption in the marketplace, the importance of expediting the journey from paper to digital transactions for payers and receivers is becoming increasingly clear.

To meet that growing need, new payment rails are being introduced to replace legacy capabilities. For example, RTP® – the US’s real-time payments network – launched by The Clearing House in 2017, is providing real-time gross settlement on a 24/7/365 operating model. This is providing clients with greater speed, efficiency, convenience and transparency. What’s more, in a move that will further bolster the growth of faster payments in the US, the Federal Reserve has announced its intention to launch its real-time payments system, known as the FedNowSM Service, in 2023 or 2024.

Improving security

Sitting right at the centre of the evolving US payments landscape is the move towards pre-validation services – foundational tools that are addressing security concerns that surround the entire payment process. Regardless of the payment channel being used – whether it’s ACH, Wire, RTP or other – the question remains: how do you know the payment or account data you have been provided for a transaction is correct and legitimate?

Indeed, the advent of new technologies that have enabled faster and more efficient payments sits at the intersection of another trend, namely the sophistication of fraud in the payment space. And, as people have settled into working from home environments, such security concerns have been further accentuated. The need to positively verify that an individual is authorised to transact on a paying or receiving account is, as a result, also becoming increasingly important.

It is for this reason that market leading banks are turning their attention to delivering solutions that enable real-time pre-validation – meaning the confirmation that a payee is the legitimate party occurs prior to a payment being sent. These solutions leverage a national shared database, such as the one maintained by fraud management and prevention service provider Early Warning Services, to validate the routing and account number, and verify the owner on the account, before the payment is sent. This increases security and risk mitigation, reduces fraud losses, and helps reduce the costs and processes associated with checks and other legacy payment systems.

Digitalising paper

Elsewhere, a host of overlay services are coming to the fore to address historical market challenges. For example, the migration from checks to electronic payments remains a significant pain point for cash managers. Though accepting and processing checks comes with a heightened risk of fraud and an array of manual processes, they continue to remain necessary as many businesses do not have the information required, or the technology interface needed, to send or request a payment digitally.

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To address these issues, directories that allow payees to securely register their payment details and identities electronically are emerging, such as Zelle® in the US. Owned by a consortium of banks, the Zelle directory allows users to register identifiers, such as an email address or mobile phone number – referred to as “tokens” – which, following a thorough authentication process, can then be used to send and request electronic payments. Banks will then pull that authenticated token from the directory to find out the beneficiary’s bank, before using ACH or the card network to settle the payment. Going forward, Zelle, with the support of some of its member banks, including BNY Mellon, is working with The Clearing House to add RTP as an additional settlement mechanism. It is hoped that these capabilities will be implemented within the next year.

And while Zelle represents an effective way to securely send electronic payments to consumers and small businesses, there is also a demand for this in the business to business or vendor payments space. They too want to reduce the time and effort it takes to collect supplier banking account information, validate and keep it updated, as well as ultimately reduce or eliminate paper checks. This is increasingly achieved through settlement networks such as Paymode-X®, the largest business to business vendor payment network in the US, with over 400,000 members, processing over $200 billion in payments annually. It allows clients to convert vendor payments from paper (check) to ACH with electronic remittance, with the potential to earn revenue share on payables.

Adapting to the “new norm”

With the emergence of real-time payments, updated legacy rails and a new layer of overlay services, the US payments space is transitioning to an entirely new payments culture. Developments are moving quickly, with many banks looking to outsource their solutions to a trusted provider that already has the technology available – enabling them to swiftly go to market for a fraction of the cost.

As banks look to transform in this way, it is vital that they are able to provide clients with the options and capabilities they need to enable their businesses to run effectively and efficiently in the new faster payments environment. There is not a single, optimal channel that can solve every issue and meet all requirements – making it crucial that banks have a variety of tools in their arsenal, ready for instant deployment. The opportunity to provide improved, digital services to organizations, with greater levels of security, ease and efficiency has arrived. By working together to achieve ubiquity and interoperability, banks are developing the modern tools necessary for delivering a truly optimised payments experience.

The views expressed herein are those of the author only and may not reflect the views of BNY Mellon. This does not constitute Treasury Services advice, or any other business or legal advice, and it should not be relied upon as such.

Nowadays banking is closely interlinked with technology. It’s also no secret that digital banking is many people’s preferred method of interacting with their money. Changes to the way we bank over the last decade and our increasing reliability on digital platforms have led banks to change their business models. Controlling money through online services has created a seismic shift in the industry and those who haven’t adapted are struggling to stay relevant. Jean Van Vuuren, Regional VP for UK, Middle East and South Africa at Alfresco, examines how challenger banks have pushed the industry forwards.

Despite the introduction of challenger banks to the industry, many of us still rely on large, traditional banks to keep our hard-earned money safe. So how do these institutions take inspiration from the new emerging banks and put it into practice whilst keeping themselves relevant to a society that is increasingly reliant on technology? And what is next in the wave of digital transformation for financial institutions?

Using AI as part of the customer experience

Banks prioritising the customer experience has increased by leaps and bounds in the last 5-10 years, but it doesn’t just end with the launch of an app or the re-design of an online experience. The customer experience needs to be revisited regularly and continually play a core role in the adoption of the latest technology available.

For example, the future of AI in the banking world is very exciting and is completely transforming the customer experience. Voice banking, facial recognition and automated tellers can help create a completely personalised experience for each customer. Someone could walk into a high street bank, AI sensors at the door could use facial recognition to let the teller know who has arrived and they could automatically pull up all the information about their account without having to ask for their bank card or details.

The customer experience needs to be revisited regularly and continually play a core role in the adoption of the latest technology available.

As technology gets more sophisticated, this opens up possibilities for banks to focus on advising customers rather than spending time on transactions and processes.

Trusting the security of the cloud for confidential documents

The cloud has completely transformed the way in which we store information on our smartphones, computers and within the enterprise. However, as with any technology it comes with potential security risks. Trusting a third party with your data feels risky in most industries because you no longer feel in control of it, but banks are often trusted with our most precious data – not to mention our money. Therefore, maintaining confidentiality is of upmost importance to banks in order to maintain the trust of their customers.

Financial institutions should make sure that they are not relying on security embedded in cloud platforms to do the heavy lifting. Implementing governance services that provide security models, audit trails and regulate access – even internally, and confidently demonstrate that compliance is key for an industry with so much access to personal information. Whilst working in the cloud offers flexibility, it needs to be made secure with intelligent security classifications and automatic safeguarding of files and records as they are created.

This also brings up the issue of legacy platforms from a security and feasibility standpoint. Fund management companies find that legacy platforms are very expensive and not cloud ready. There is very little room for innovation and it is hard to adapt them to meet customer demands. Even if a fund management company has migrated to a Saas or Paas solution, quite often regulatory obligations and the potential dangers posed by hacking and data breaches mean that they sometimes go back to using an on-premises solution. Instead of backtracking, financial institutions should spend time to understand what the best cloud option for them would be and how they would implement it within the confines of governance and compliance.

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Going paperless

Discussing going paperless in 2020 may seem like going back to the past, but for many financial institutions making the transition to fully paperless operations is still a work in progress. This is also a key area where challenger banks which have never had paper-based processes have an advantage, they don’t have to adapt simply because they were born paperless. There is also a new generation of consumers that embrace and often expect paperless banking.

While the fintech industry is intrinsically paperless, banks are still adapting to phase out paper support, but this transition should be an integral part of updating the customer experience. The paperless movement involves moving from simply depositing checks via smartphone to a complete digital experience from end-to-end.

Going paperless also provides an added layer of security in accordance with a rising tide of regulations and government mandates. With digital records, automated management processes allow companies to set up rules around metadata to file records, put security procedures around them and also deleting personal information within retention regulations.

Keeping pace with challenger banks who are born of today’s technology

In recent years, the introduction of technological advances such as digital ID verification, e-signature and risk analytics are transforming the way financial service providers interact with their customers. New challenger banks build whole systems in as few as two weeks and automate as much as possible.

By their very nature, challenger banks are pushing their competitors to be more agile and they are growing exponentially, something which the high-street banks had underestimated when they first entered the market. Created for the digital first generation, challenger banks won market share by putting customer-centric products at the heart of their business. They are also able to improve the product and the user experience quickly according to customer feedback.

Customers are flocking to the disruptors in the market who offer exciting functionality. Challenger banks providing customers with new online features, ones that let them take control of their finances, are thriving in the market. In the modern day, banks need to embrace new technologies and digitise processes to create a customer-oriented business and, ultimately, succeed in the market.

Challenger banks such as Monzo, Starling and Revolut are built to scale, evolve and improve their offerings easily and quickly, and are doing great extending their customer base. According to Ian Bradbury, CTO for Financial Services at Fujitsu UK & Ireland, they are also now beginning to slowly move towards becoming a full service bank for their customers, as well as branching out their offerings to SMEs.

The way banks make their money is by keeping administration costs low, managing the lending risk and investing wisely to receive good returns. Other income avenues include offering “added-value” services, such as payments, for which they take a handling fee (particularly useful when market returns are under performing, for example in the case of low interest rates).

Four digital-led factors to disrupt banking

Four interrelated digital-led factors are fundamentally transforming traditional financial services: new distribution models; cloud native computing; data enrichment in a hyper-connected world; and exponential increase in the rate of change. These four factors create new ways for banks to operate, to do business and to enhance their offerings for consumers - but they have not fundamentally changed their money-driven banking business model – yet!

Regulators have recognised the value that can be bought by these four factors to banking customers, and have sought ways to encourage the uptake of them – often also encouraging new digital-native entrants into the marketplace. Regulators have also sought to ensure that high-margin services can be “unbundled’, allowing new competition to compete in these areas.

In theory, it should not be difficult for banks to not only survive the arrival of these four digital-led factors – in fact with their financial backing, existing customer base, technology assets and regulatory status they should be able to thrive in this competitive landscape.

This is especially true as other potential non-banking competitors have to overcome complex regulatory challenges – besides not being set up to offer the basic banking business model.

Legacy problems

In reality, traditional banks are struggling to keep up with how the market is moving. The reason for this can be summarised in one word – legacy. Legacy culture, legacy skills, legacy controls, legacy distribution models, legacy systems.

Slowly, this is changing, but until these legacy bottlenecks are removed, banks will struggle to keep up. Those that do not move quickly enough to deal with this challenge are unlikely to survive.

Assuming that traditional banks can overcome these legacy challenges and become the truly agile, low-cost, open-driven, customer-obsessed, data-powered, highly automated businesses promised by the digital-native challenger banks then their traditional banking business model may well also change.

The banks of the future

Banks currently operate a fairly simple two-sided marketplace – they take money from depositors and give it out to borrowers, generating trust in the process. But what they really do is provide a two-sided marketplace for ‘value’ – which is currently focused on money.

Digital transformation potentially allows for other ways to exploit this value-based marketplace, with the data-insights and enrichment coupled with new distribution models creating potentially new services.

Besides this, the notion of value is changing in the digital age, with areas such as data, identity, reputation, authenticity and even perhaps social purpose falling within it. These types of values can potentially be digitally stored, secured, exchanged and exploited in a marketplace - just like money. Maybe for example the banks of the future will become the custodians of your valuable data, both protecting it and helping you generate benefits from it.

More than three-quarters (80%) of bankers believe challenger banks are an increased threat to their business, while almost one-third (30%) believe they will be the single most disruptive threat in 2019. The survey, commissioned by fintech provider Fraedom, found that in response the challenger bank threat, bankers expect their organisations to invest heavily in updating legacy systems (44%) and new technology (26%) in 2019.

“With challenger banks setting themselves apart by offering innovative technology platforms, commercial banks are now realising they must invest in key areas in order to counter this threat. This was also echoed by our survey which found other disruptive influences in 2019 to be digitalisation (36%) and consumerisation of technology (36%)” said Kyle Ferguson, CEO, Fraedom.

This comes as almost half (46%) of respondents perceive legacy systems to be the biggest barriers to the growth of commercial banks, while 32% cite it’s the pressure to save money.

With investing in new technology high on the agenda for commercial banks, the survey found that over half (53%) of respondents believe AI and Machine Learning will be the technologies to have the biggest impact on commercial banking in 2019.

“It is clear to see that challenger banks are a disruptive force within the sector. Through the use of innovative technology, these banks have plugged a gap left by established retail banks,  and are acting as a stark warning to banks within the commercial space which remains open to similar disruption,” added Ferguson. “If commercial banks are to compete, they must become more agile and adopt new technology platforms suited to changing needs of businesses, or risk being left behind.”

(Source: Fraedom)

More than a third of financial institutions (37%) find that legacy data platforms are the biggest obstacles to improving their data management and analytics capabilities, according to research from Asset Control. Whereas, for 31%, the cost of change is seen as the biggest hindrance to progress.

The poll of finance professionals, conducted through Adox Research Ltd., also revealed that for more than half of financial institutions (56%), the integration of legacy systems is the biggest consideration as they plan investment in future data management and analytics capabilities.

“What we’re seeing is financial institutions being held back by legacy data management platforms which they have acquired or developed over the years. These systems can slow down organisations as they are costly to maintain, miss audit or lineage information, often cannot scale to new volume requirements, and do not quickly and easily provide business users the data they require. While businesses recognise there is a need to update their data management systems they are sometimes reluctant to do so due to cost of change and perceived difficulties of integrating their systems with new solutions. Although I understand where these concerns come from, businesses also see the risks posed by inertia,” says Mark Hepsworth, CEO, Asset Control.

However, when it comes to considering new data management and analytics capabilities, firms remain focused on the fundamentals. More than a third (36%) of respondents cited ease of use and flexible deployment as their top business consideration, while 41% deemed ROI to be the biggest determiner.

“It is clear that while firms are currently being held back by the cost of change and legacy systems, they can see that both these challenges can be overcome with the right solution. While ROI is, of course, important in any business, these organisations must also consider how much their current data management systems are holding them back by delaying processes, lowering productivity and causing data discrepancies because they lack a clear and comprehensive view on their sourcing and validation process,” adds Hepsworth.

(Source: Asset Control)

A decade on from the great financial crisis and the fall of Lehman Brothers and Europe’s financial services is the only sector not to have returned to pre-crash levels. Below Finance Monthly hears some expert commentary from Beranger Guille, Global Editorial Analytics Director at Mergermarket, an Acuris Group company, on the current state of European M&A in the Financial services sector.

Despite an appetite for large-scale banking mergers and an eagerness to create pan-European banks capable of challenging rivals across the Atlantic, Europe still operates under strict rules that have so far prevented such merger ideas from materialising.

Between 2006 – 2008, Europe saw a total €607.9bn change hands across 1,592 deals. Since 2016 to date, activity remains still nowhere near these pre-crisis levels, with a mere €221.1bn traded over 1,251 deals and a spectacular absence of mega-deals that were once a prominent fixture in the build up to last financial crisis.


10 years later

A decade on from the crash, regulators continue to introduce new rules on top of what is already a very comprehensive rulebook. Basel III and Solvency II: the first ever set of rules on liquidity, placed a robust set of capital requirements on banks and insurers, with additional process still not complete. The capital conversation buffer, which ensures banks build up capital reserves to weather losses incurred during downturns, will take effect on 1 January 2019. In 2013, The European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) drove the centralised clearing of derivatives and promoted robust reporting requirements to trade repositories. While most recently, the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II) and Central Securities Depositories Regulation (CSDR) has pushed more transactions to occur on exchanges to improve transparency and the overall efficiency and safety of securities settlement.

In the build up to the crash, Italian lender Unicredit conducted a string of mergers between 1998 – 2006, while Royal Bank of Scotland spent €71.1bn acquiring Dutch lender ABN Amro on the eve of disaster. Both left shareholders and taxpayers alike reeling from heavy losses.

The current situation

Today, mega-mergers are once more mooted with cross-border deal discussions between Unicredit and Société Générale reportedly taking place. However, “there is nothing on the table,” according to France’s Minster of the Economy and Finance, Bruno Le Maire.

There is also talk of potential national mergers afoot. In the UK, Barclays chairman John McFarlane is eager to do a deal with Standard Chartered, while German lenders Deutsche Bank and mull a merger of their own.

But, despite an apparent eagerness to get deals done, there is a lot of cold water that investors and analysts are only too quick to pour on such tie-ups.

There is a lack of strategic rationale behind a Barclays-Standard Chartered deal, with two banks having little to no geographical overlap, with the former boasting strong ties in the UK and US and the latter firmly focused on emerging markets in the Asia and Africa. Meanwhile, discussions between Deutsche Bank and Commerzbank certainly offer a stronger rationale, but it should not be forgotten that Deutsche Bank launched a €8bn rights issue – its fifth capital hike since the crash – to plug holes that continue to leak.

A political climate

Given the political environment in the EU, and that there is a degree of nationalism when it comes to banks, large-scale cross-border deals look anything but likely. Two years ago, Swedish lender Nordea made an approach to acquire ABN Amro but had its offer slapped down by the Dutch government. Some bankers were even brazen enough to pitch a merger between Barclays and Santander. Cross-border European deals for the time being at least seem off the table, but domestic mergers could provide dealmakers something to chew on.

The timing of renewed merger talks is interesting, with the next cyclical downturn expected to come to bear in the next two years.

Calls for consolidation amid so much uncertainty is cause for concern, but desperate times lend themselves to management contemplating desperate measures. Weak profitability is putting pressure on banks to take action at a time when big tech, fintech and alternative lenders threaten to grab market share. And while the appeal of cross-border mergers may provide a boost to the sector's profitability, bigger banks, history tells us, are not necessarily healthier banks.

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